Coin vibration analysis in classical and Mindlin theory

Authors

  • Emil Vinteler Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Physics Department

Keywords:

vibration, eigenfrequency, circular plate, elasticity

Abstract

We studied 83 coins that belong to moderately thick circular plates with thickness h and radius a in the range 4.37? a/h ? 9.94. The computed values in classical thin plate and first-order shear deformation Mindlin theory overestimate and respectively underestimate the experimental values for natural frequencies of coins. The Mindlin theory approximates better the experimental frequencies having the RMS value of 0.546 lower than the RMS value of 0.630 of the classical theory.  The main uncertainty related to the values of the Young modulus and Poisson ratio of the studied alloys is resolved in this article by extracting them from the first two natural frequencies. The experimental frequencies of the studied coins can be used as a benchmark to compare the first-order with higher-order shear deformation theories. The study can be relevant to discriminate the coins in the vending machines with acoustic sensor.

References

QUERCIOLI, E., SMITH, L., The economics of counterfeiting, Econometrica, 83, 3, pp. 1211-1236, 2015.

JUDSON, R., Estimating the Volume of Counterfeit U.S. Currency in Circulation, International Finance Discussion Papers 1404, Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2025.

Number of counterfeit euro banknotes remains low in 2023, European Central Bank press release 29 January, 2024.

The other side of the coin, European financial and economic crime threat assessment 2023, European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (EUROPOL), 2023.

The protection of euro coins in 2023, Situation as regards euro coin counterfeiting and the activities of the European Technical & Scientific Centre (ETSC), European Commission report 8865144, 11 December, 2024.

CONSTANTINESCU, B., BUGOI, R., OBERLÄNDER-TARNOVEANU, E., PARVAN, K., Some considerations on x-ray fluorescence use in museum measurements - the case of medieval silver coins, Rom. Rep. Phys., 57, 4, pp. 1021-1031, 2005.

BROWN, J., Counterfeit coins, B.Sc. thesis, Brigham Young University, 2007.

PINGITORE, V., BARBERIO, M., OLIVA, A., NOCE, N., GATTUSO, C., DAVOLI, M., Golden drachma from bruttìa: counterfeit money revealed by scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, Med. Arch. Arch., 8, 2, pp. 31-38, 2008.

KHAZAEE, S., RAD, M.S., SUEN, C.Y., Detection of counterfeit coins based on 3D height-map image analysis, Expert Syst. Appl., 174, 114801, 2021.

LASS, E.A., STOUDT, M.R., CAMPBELL, C.E., Systems Design Approach to Low-Cost Coinage Materials, Integr. Mater. Manuf. Innov., 7, pp. 52-69, 2018.

LU, C.C., CHANG, W.L., WANG, C.C., YU, S.F., JENG, J.T., A statistical pattern analysis approach for rapid coin identification based on Eddy-current sensors, Procedia. Eng., 15, pp. 5579-5583, 2011.

CARLOSENA, A., ALFONSO, A.J., ARIZTI, F., MARTINEZ-DE-GUERENU, A., Sensing in coin discriminators, In Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA , 6-8 February 2007, pp. 1-6, 2007.

DAO, D.V., JENG, J.T., DOAN, V.D., NGUYEN, H.T., LIANG, B.Y., Development of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer System for Coin Classification, Sensors, 22, 9055, 2022.

GORDON, R., MÄRTENS, O., LAND, R., MIN, M., RIST, M., GAVRIJAŠEVA, A., POKATILOV, A., KOLYSHKIN, A., Eddy current validation of Euro-coins, Lecture Notes on Impedance Spectroscopy, Measurement, Modeling and Applications, 3, Ed. Olfa Kanoun, CRC Press, London, 2012.

GAVRIJASEVA, A., MARTENS, O., LAND, R., Acoustic spectrum analysis of genuine and counterfeit euro coins, Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika, 21, 3, pp. 59-57, 2015.

SUZUKI, M., Development of a simple and non-destructive examination for counterfeit coins using acoustic characteristics, Forensic science international, 177, 1, pp. e5-e8, 2008.

KRALJEVSKI, I., DUCKHORN, F., JU, Y., TSCHOEPE, C., RICHTER, C., WOLFF, M., Acoustic Resonance Recognition of Coins, 2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2020.

STEED, E., Coin identification through natural frequency analysis, Brigham Young University report, 2015.

MANAS, A., The music of gold: Can gold counterfeited coins be detected by ear? , Eur. J. Phy. 36, 4, 045012, 2015.

JIN, X., WANG, X., CAO, X., XUE, C., Construction and recognition of acoustic ID of ancient coins based on deep learning of artificial intelligence for audio signals, Herit Sci., 11, 46, 2023.

STEFAN, R.C., CHECHE, T.O., Coin Toss Modeling, Rom. Rep. Phys. 69, 904, 2017.

CHANDRA, K., Can One Hear the Fate of a Coin?, Stanford report, 2020.

BARTOS, F., et al., Fair coins tend to land on the same side they started: evidence from 350,757 flips, arXiv:2310.04153v4, 2025.

RAKESTRAW, D., PAUL, P., Resonant Acoustic Characterization of Coins: An Inquiry-Based Learning Activity for Everyone with a Smartphone, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory report LLNL-TR-829101, 10 November 2021.

LEISSA, A.W., Vibration of plates, NASA report NASA SP-160, Washington DC, 1969.

MINDLIN, R.D. , DERESIEWICZ, H., Thickness-shear and flexural vibrations of a circular disk, J. Appl. Phys., 25, pp. 1329-1332, 1954.

DERESIEWICZ, H., MINDLIN, R.D., Axially Symmetric Flexural Vibrations of a Circular Disk, ASME J. Appl. Mech., 22, pp. 86-88, 1955.

IRIE, T., YAMADA, G., AOMURA, S., Natural frequencies of Mindlin circular plates, Transactions of ASME J. Appl. Mech., 47, pp. 652-655, 1980.

REDDY, J.N., Theory and Analysis of Elastic Plates and Shells, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2006.

REINKE, C., Spectroid - smartphone application for Android platform, version 1.1.2., 6 June 2024.

Country: A -Austria (gr - groschen, sc - schilling, vi - Vienna philarmonic), CA - Canada (ma - maple), CZ - Czech Republic (kc - koruna), D- Germany (p - phening, m - mark), E - Europe (€c - eurocent, € - euro), EG -Egypt (q - quirsh), GB - Great Britain (br - britannia, p - pence, £ - lira), H - Hungary (ft - forint), HR -Croatia (k - kuna), J - Japan, MC - Monaco (ra - 50francs rainier), PL - Poland (gr - groszy, zl - zloty), RO - Romania (b - ban, L - lei), SA - South Africa (kr - krugerrand), SK - Slovakia (st - koruna), TR - Turkey (kr - kurus, L - lira), UA - Ukraine (hr - hryvnia), US - United States of America (¢ - cent, $ - dollar, ea - eagle, mp - morgan peace, wa - washington, wl - walking liberty).

SZILARD, R., Theories and applications of plate analysis: classical, numerical and engineering methods, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, 2004.

GHUGAL, Y.M., SHIMPI, R.P., A Review of Refined Shear Deformation Theories of Isotropic and Anisotropic Laminated Plates, J. Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 21, pp. 775-813, 2002.

DING, H.J., XU, R.Q., CHI Y.W., CHEN W.Q., Free axisymmetric vibration of transversely isotropic piezoelectric circular plates, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 36, 30, pp. 4629-4652, 1999

HOSSEINI-HASHEMI, SH., ES'HAGHI, M., TAHER, H., FADAIE, M., Exact closed-form frequency equations for thick circular plates using a third-order shear deformation theory, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 329, pp. 3382-3396, 2010.

LIEW, K.M., YANG, B., Three-dimensional elasticity solutions for free vibrations of circular plates: A polynomials-Ritz analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech.Engrg., 175, pp.189-201, 1999.

SO, J., LEISSA, A.W., Three-dimensional vibrations of thick circular and annular plates, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 209, pp. 15-41, 1998.

PETRONYUK, Y. TITOV, S. LEVIN, V., Application of acoustic microscopy for evaluation of numismatic material. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2091, 012045, 2021.

REDDY, J.N., Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates and Shells, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004.

WANG, C.Y., Vibrations of Completely Free Rounded Regular Polygonal Plates, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibrations, 20, pp. 107-112, 2015.

DIMITROV, D., KRASTEVA, J., GEORGIEV, G., Possibilities to use the eigenfrequencies to identify coins, Eastern Academic Journal, 2, pp. 69-75, 2016.

ETSC - Guidelines. On the implementation of Regulation (EU) No 1210/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 concerning authentication of euro coins and handling of euro coins unfit for circulation, Ref. Ares(2019)6661509 - 28/10/2019.

Published

2025-12-13